Although the data captured by Galileo is more than two decades old, scientists are using modern image processing techniques to create new views of the moon’s surface in preparation for the arrival of the Europa Clipper spacecraft.
The orbiter of Jupiter will conduct dozens of fly-bys of Europa to learn more about the ocean beneath the moon’s thick icy crust and how it interacts with the surface. The mission, set to launch in the next several years, will be the first return to Europa since Galileo.
Cynthia Phillips, a planetary geologist with NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of Caltech in Pasadena, said: “We’ve only seen a very small part of Europa’s surface at this resolution. Europa Clipper will increase that immensely. As a Europa project staff scientist, she oversees a long-term research project to reanalyse images of the moon.”
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All three images were captured along the same longitude of Europa as Galileo flew by on 26 September 1998, in the eighth of the spacecraft’s 11 targeted fly-bys of Europa.
High-resolution images revealing features as small as 500 yards (460 metres) across were taken through a clear filter in grayscale (black and white).
Using lower-resolution colour images of the same region from a different fly-by, technicians mapped colour onto the higher-resolution images – a painstaking process.
Enhanced-colour images like these allow scientists to highlight geologic features with different colours. Such images don’t show Europa as it would appear to the human eye, but instead exaggerate colour variations to highlight different chemical compositions of the surface.
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Areas that appear light blue or white are made of relatively pure water ice, and reddish areas have more non-ice materials, such as salts.
Planetary scientists study high-resolution images of Europa for clues about how the surface formed. At an average of 40 million to 90 million years old, the surface we see today is much younger than Europa itself, which formed along with the solar system 4.6 billion years ago.
In fact, Europa has among the youngest surfaces in the solar system, one of its many intriguing oddities.
The long, linear ridges and bands that crisscross Europa’s surface are thought to be related to the response of Europa’s icy surface crust as it is stretched and pulled by Jupiter’s strong gravity.
Ridges may form when a crack in the surface opens and closes repeatedly, building up a feature that’s typically a few hundred yards tall, a few miles wide and can span horizontally for thousands of miles.
Areas of so-called chaos terrain contain blocks that have moved sideways, rotated or tilted before being refrozen into their new locations. To understand how they might have formed, scientists study these blocks as if they are jumbled puzzle pieces.
The Galileo mission was managed by JPL for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate in Washington. Additional information about Galileo and its discoveries is available on the Galileo mission home page.
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